12. Refactoring 2: Backend - Applying Async Database Management

This refactoring adopts asynchronous database management to avoid blocking caused by synchronous I/O.

Previously, database access was implemented synchronously across services and endpoints, which could block under concurrent workloads. Because this program needs to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, I decided to switch to an async-first approach for database operations.

1. Config

To enable asynchronous PostgreSQL support, install asyncpg:
```
uv pip install asyncpg
```

In config.py, I added the following property to build the async SQLAlchemy URL for PostgreSQL:

class Settings(BaseSettings):
    ...

    @property
    def async_db_url(self):
        return f"postgresql+asyncpg://{self.POSTGRES_USER}:{self.POSTGRES_PASSWORD}@{self.POSTGRES_HOST}:{self.POSTGRES_PORT}/{self.POSTGRES_DB}"

    ...

2. Async Database

This section initializes the async engine, configures a session factory, and exposes a single declarative base for ORM models.

I implemented this class by referencing the sync database class.

import os
from sqlalchemy import MetaData
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine, async_sessionmaker, AsyncSession
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base
from .config import settings

DEFAULT_SCHEMA = os.getenv("DB_SCHEMA", "public")
metadata = MetaData(schema=DEFAULT_SCHEMA)
Base = declarative_base(metadata=metadata)

class AsyncDatabase:
    """Async database connection and session management."""

    Base = declarative_base()

    def __init__(self):
        self._engine = create_async_engine(
            settings.async_db_url,
            echo=False,
            pool_pre_ping=True,
            connect_args={"server_settings": {"search_path": os.getenv("DB_SCHEMA", "public")}},
        )
        self._SessionLocal = async_sessionmaker(
            bind=self._engine,
            expire_on_commit=False,
            autoflush=False,
            autocommit=False
        )

    def get_engine(self):
        """Returns the async SQLAlchemy engine."""
        return self._engine

    def get_session(self) -> AsyncSession:
        """Returns a new async session."""
        return self._SessionLocal()

    @classmethod
    def get_base(cls):
        """Returns the declarative base class."""
        return cls.Base

DEFAULT_SCHEMA / MetaData(schema=DEFAULT_SCHEMA) : Defines a default PostgreSQL schema (e.g., public). Attaching this `metadata to the declarative base makes DDL/Autogenerate target the right schema without qualifying every table name.
Base = declarative_base(metadata=metadata) : Exposes a single declarative base for all ORM models. Import this Base everywhere you define models so they share the same metadata and schema.
create_async_engine(settings.async_db_url, ...) : Builds an async SQLAlchemy engine (driver: asyncpg) for event-loop friendly I/O.
- echo=False : Keeps SQL logging off in production (enable when debugging)
- pool_pre_ping=True : Pings a connection before checkout to avoid stale-connection errors after network hiccups or DB restarts.
- connect_args={"server_settings": {"search_path": ...}} : Sets search_path on each connection so queries run against your schema without schema-qualifying identifiers.
async_sessionmaker(bind=_engine, expire_on_commit=False, autoflush=False, autocommit=False) : Creates a factory for AsyncSession.
- expire_on_commit=False : Objects remain usable after COMMIT (no implicit reload).
- autoflush=False : Prevents surprise flushes; you control flush()/begin() explicitly.
- autocommit=False : Transactions are explicit (async with session.begin(): ...).
get_engine() : Returns the process-wide async engine. It’s safe to share the engine across coroutines.
get_session() -> AsyncSession : Returns a new async session.

3. Async Database Initializer

This method is responsible for initializing the async database.

from core import AsyncDatabase
from loguru import logger
from sqlalchemy import text
import os

DEFAULT_SCHEMA = os.getenv("DB_SCHEMA", "public")

async def initialize_async_database():
    logger.info("Starting async database initialization process...")

    db = AsyncDatabase()
    Base = db.get_base()
    engine = db.get_engine()

    logger.info("Creating async tables...")
    async with engine.begin() as conn:
        await conn.execute(text(f'CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS "{DEFAULT_SCHEMA}"'))
        await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)

    logger.info("Async DB initialized.")

To run this at startup, I added it to the FastAPI lifespan context manager.

...

@asynccontextmanager
async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
    logger.info("Starting up the application...")
    try:
        await initialize_async_database()
        logger.info("Async Database initialized successfully.")

        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
        await loop.run_in_executor(None, initialize_database)
        logger.info("Sync Database initialized successfully.")
    except Exception as e:
        logger.exception(f"Database initialization failed: {e}")
        raise

...

To make the async database session easy to use.

from core import Database, AsyncDatabase
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from typing import Generator, AsyncGenerator

...

async def get_async_db() -> AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]:
    db = AsyncDatabase().get_session()
    try:
        yield db
    finally:
        await db.close()

4. Changes in Services and APIs

4.1 Services

Before

from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
...

class AuthService:
    def __init__(self, db: Session, request: Request):

        ...

After

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
...

class AuthService:
    def __init__(self, db: AsyncSession, request: Request):

        ...

4.2 APIs

Before

...

@auth_router.post("/login", response_model=LoginResponse, summary="User Login")
def login(request: Request, body: LoginRequest, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):

    ...

After

@auth_router.post("/login", response_model=LoginResponse, summary="User Login")
async def login(request: Request, body: LoginRequest, db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_async_db)):